What is Centralisation and Decentralisation of Authority?

Centralisation and decentralisation are opposite terms. They refer to the location of decision- making authority in an organisation. Centralisation implies the concentration of authority at the top level of the organisation while decentralisation means dispersal of authority throughout the organisation. According to Allen, “Centralisation is systematic and consistent reservation of authority at central points within an organisation. Decentralisation applies to the systematic delegation of authority in an organisation wide context.” Decentralisation refers to the systematic effort to delegate to the lowest levels all authority except that which can only be exercised at central points. It is the distribution of authority throughout organisation.

Centralisation and decentralisation are relative terms because every organisation structure contains both the features. There cannot be complete centralisation or decentralisation in practice. Absolute centralisation means each and every decision is to be taken by top management which is not practicable. Similarly, absolute decentralisation implies no control over the activities of subordinates which cannot be possible. Therefore, effective decentralisation requires a proper balance between dispersal of authority among lower levels and adequate control over them. Decentralisation should not be confused with dispersion of physical facilities and operations.