The Constitutions of India established an independent judiciary to adjudicate disputes and act as the custodian of individual right and freedom, to interpret the constitution and review legislation and to arbitrate any dispute between the States or the Union and the States.
Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines to the Central and the State governments to bear in mind while framing laws and policies. Some of them are in the nature of rights. Others serve as ideals for the State.
It is impossible to have absolute individual rights, for the rights of individual are limited at least by similar rights of other individuals. Otherwise rights will turn detrimental is the right of other citizens.
Universal adult franchise means that every adult citizen shall have equal voting rights irrespective of any distinction based on class, caste, creed or gender.
The founding fathers of the Indian Constitution preferred Parliamentary system for India because they had some experience of operating it and there were advantages of continuing established institutions. They were in particular allergic to a fixed term irremovable executive.
In the U.S system, the President chooses his ministers from among the citizens at large and the ministers are not members of the Legislature, while in the Parliamentary system, the ministers are from the Parliament and remain part of it and responsible is its House of the People.
The President of India is said to be only a nominal or constitutional head of the state because he is bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
The Indian federation was not the result of an agreement by states to join in a federation and so no state has right to secede from it. The federation is the union because it is indestructible. The American Federation, on the other hand was the result of an agreement by states to join in a…
The Indian Constitution cannot be called unitary because it provides for distribution of executive and legislative powers between the Union and the States. It cannot be considered strictly federal because the residuary power vests in the union.